The fact that brass players around the world
can’t agree about vibrato is a good thing, we are all different and we will all
play differently. This is, however, a time when many players throughout the
world are striving to achieve a sort of computer-readout result in their
performance, sounding perfect in every way; that’s not a bad thing certainly,
but perfect just isn’t good enough, what makes us special comes after we
can play perfectly. How do we discriminate who is best after we have heard ten
perfect players? Of course, it’s the individualism, the musicality, and vibrato
is an important component in the make up individualism.
Our personal preference for vibrato is unique,
more so than any other aspect of our musical personality; it’s as individual as
our fingerprints. Ironically, most brass players generally don’t use vibrato most
of the time, especially, the lower instruments and more especially, tuba.
However, to make a decision simply to use no vibrato at all would be sadly limiting
ones complete musicality. Like a beautiful resonant pianissimo, vibrato can be
a factor that can separate a great player from a very good player; we hear this
clearly at the many competitions that are held through North America, Europe
and Asia.
Like many aspects of brass playing, vibrato in
the last few decades could be clearly identifiable by nationality; it was not
difficult to guess whether a player was French (very fast), British (alla brass
band), Italian (quasi vocal), American (secretive and low profile) or German
(no vibrato at all). All these tendencies, however, are neither right or wrong,
ones vibrato is a matter of choice adjusted to ones individual musical tastes
and environments.
There are several ways to make a vibrato: Slide
vibrato, which is very beautiful and effective but exclusive only to trombone, Hand
vibrato, done moving the whole instrument; this works very well for trumpet
but, very frankly, looks obscene when tried with tuba, Breath vibrato, done by
oscillating the air pressure while playing is another choice; sometimes this
can sound effective but it’s problematic because it interferes with an even
stable air supply, which is such an important aspect of lower brass playing. The
most successful vibrato for euphonium and tuba is jaw vibrato (sometimes called
lip vibrato), this is done by moving the jaw up and down in a ya ya ya ya
motion. As well as slightly modifying the intonation in the way finger vibrato
does on a string instrument, it also modifies the vowel sound (timbre). The
final result with lip vibrato is a combination of both an intonation and timbre
vibrato.
Next in the choice of vibrato process is the
speed and the width (velocity and amplitude) of the vibrato. There are examples
of many types of vibratos that are very interesting but perhaps not good
choices for modern brass playing, such as the charming, soulful and very rapid
vibrato of the great French chanteuse of the last century Edith Piaf, or the
very wide exotic vibrato, sometimes wider that a major third, heard from many
of the traditional Japanese singers.
Learning the mechanics of vibrato is not
difficult: Choose a mid register note and simply move the jaw in an up and down
in the ya ya ya motion. Do it first in quarter notes, then eighth notes, triplets
and finally sixteenths. Next, start slowly and accelerate until you discover
what seems best for your personal tastes. The most important part of the
vibrato learning process is listening,
listening to singers, woodwind players and string players and especially listening to singers and
instrumentalists who are singing and playing in the same tessitura of your own
instrument. Finally, recording and listening to yourself and adjusting until
what you hear is the vibrato you want.
There are two interesting observations in this
intonation/timbre oscillation process that we call vibrato. First, we find that
usually the music will sound more alive if the upper cycle of the vibrato is
emphasized a little more than the lower cycle. For example, if one plays around
60% above and 40% below the result will bring more life to the music,
especially regarding lower instruments. When vibrato favors the lower cycle the
results can become depressing. Secondly, vibrato speed need not be constant, a
faster vibrato in the higher register and slower in the low register may bring
more musical results.
Finding ones personal vibrato is a major step to
becoming a complete musician, however, there can be many variations in a single
person’s individual vibrato. I recall a cello recital of the great Mistislav
Rostoprovich in 1962, during my days with the Concertgebouw Orchestra of
Amsterdam, when Maestro Rostoprovich used many varieties of vibrato with
seemingly endless variations in both amplitude and velocity throughout his
program. I also recall many great singers changing the speed and intensity of
their vibratos through one single note; very dramatic when used in the right
place in the right way.
Vibrato is a very very personal thing. It’s a
wonderful tool; use it well.
January 3, 1913, Tokyo
